Cell envelope stress response in Gram-positive bacteria

Cell Envelope Structure and Functions in Gram-negative Bacteria

The CpxAR Two-component System Regulates a Complex Envelope Stress Response in Gram-negative Bacteria

e CpxA membrane bound sensor kinase utilizes a periplasmic sensing domain to detect a wide variety of stresses to the bacterial envelope. !is information is communicated via typical two-component phosphotransfer mediated reactions to the response regulator CpxR. Phosphorylated CpxR binds upstream of numerous promoters to mediate adaptation. Initial studies of CpxA inducing signals and CpxR regu...

Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response

Conditions that impair protein folding in the Gram-negative bacterial envelope cause stress. The destabilizing effects of stress in this compartment are recognized and countered by a number of signal transduction mechanisms. Data presented here reveal another facet of the complex bacterial stress response, release of outer membrane vesicles. Native vesicles are composed of outer membrane and pe...

Translocation of proteins across the cell envelope of Gram-positive bacteria.

In contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, secretory proteins of Gram-positive bacteria only need to traverse a single membrane to enter the extracellular environment. For this reason, Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. various Bacillus species) are often used in industry for the commercial production of extracellular proteins that can be produced in yields of several grams per liter culture medium. The ...

Surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall envelope.

The cell wall envelope of gram-positive bacteria is a macromolecular, exoskeletal organelle that is assembled and turned over at designated sites. The cell wall also functions as a surface organelle that allows gram-positive pathogens to interact with their environment, in particular the tissues of the infected host. All of these functions require that surface proteins and enzymes be properly t...